修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短句或從句,稱為定語??勺鞫ㄕZ的有:介詞短語、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、非限定動(dòng)詞、副詞、同位語和從句等。按定語所處的位置又可將定語分為前置定語和后置定語。所謂前置定語,即定語位于它所修飾的成分之前。前置定語一般較短,因而較簡(jiǎn)單。
所謂后置定語,是指位于名詞或代詞之后的定語。由于科技英語的準(zhǔn)確性與嚴(yán)密性,使其頻繁使用后置定語。這也是科技英語中復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句多的原因之一。因此盡管定語是句子的次要成分,卻是影響譯文質(zhì)量好壞的重要因素。
1、介詞短語作后置定語
1) In general, ethers are good solvents for fats , waxes and resins.
醚通常是脂肪、蠟和樹脂的良好溶劑。
2) The presence of a substituent group in benzene exerts a profound control over both orientation and the ease of introduction of the entering substituent.
苯中取代基的存在對(duì)進(jìn)入基團(tuán)的方位及進(jìn)入的難易程度起著強(qiáng)有力的控制作用
2、形容詞(或其短語)作后置定語
3) Ethyne (Acetylene) is hydrocarbon especially high in heat value.
乙炔是熱值特別高的烴。
4) All of the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are alike and have properties intermediate between those of a single and a double bond.
苯中所有的碳-碳鍵都一樣,具有介乎單鍵和雙鍵之間的性質(zhì)。
5) Hydrocarbons that do not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.
不含有最大可能氫原子數(shù)的烴叫不飽和烴。(誤譯:不含有最大氫原子數(shù)的烴可能叫不飽和烴)
3、非限定動(dòng)詞(不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞)作后置定語
翻譯這類句子時(shí),應(yīng)特別注意現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞所表示的意義的不同:現(xiàn)在分詞往往表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生;過去分詞則往往表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。
現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作具有主動(dòng)意義;及物動(dòng)詞(vt.)的過去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義;不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.)的過去分詞不具有被動(dòng)含義,僅表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。
例如:
the evaporated water 若evaporate 為vt.,則譯為“被蒸發(fā)的水”; 若evaporate 為vi.,則譯為“蒸發(fā)了的水”。
substituted group 若substitute為vt.,則譯為“被取代的基團(tuán)”; 若substitute為vi.,則譯為“取代了的基團(tuán)”,即“取代基”。
由此可以看出,動(dòng)詞時(shí)vt.還是vi.,其代表的意思有時(shí)正相反(見上兩例)。實(shí)際翻譯時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文決定是哪種譯意。
6) It is this nitronium ion that reacts with the hydrocarbon being nitrated.
就是這個(gè)硝鎓離子與要被硝化的烴起反應(yīng)。(現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語)
7) Sewage sludge is an organic material containing a large variety of carbon-based molecules.
污泥是含有大量各種各樣的碳基分子的有機(jī)物。(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語)
8) The homologs of benzene are those containing an alkyl group or alkyl groups in place of one or more hydrogen atoms.
苯的同系物是含有單烷基(取代一個(gè)氫)或多烷基(取代多個(gè)氫)的物質(zhì)。(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語)
9) The functional group of a ketone consists of a carbon atom connected by a double bond to an oxygen atom.
酮的官能團(tuán)是由一個(gè)通過雙鍵與氧原子相連的碳原子組成的。(過去分詞短語作后置定語)
4、定語從句作后置定語
定語從句包括限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。由關(guān)系代詞(that,which,who,whom,whose,but,as)或關(guān)系副詞(where, when, why, as, wherein, whereon)引導(dǎo)。定語從句除譯作“……的”外,還有許多翻譯技巧和方法。概括起來主要有以下幾種:
Ⅰ、 翻譯成定語
譯成“……的”,置于被修飾的詞之前。
10) When fuels burn, they return once more to the simpler materials out of which they were made.
燃料燃燒時(shí),又轉(zhuǎn)變成原來構(gòu)成它們的那些更加簡(jiǎn)單的物質(zhì)。
11) One may already have some idea of the material with which organic chemistry deals, but he may not know the extent to which organic chemistry touches on our everyday life. 也許有人已經(jīng)對(duì)有機(jī)化學(xué)所涉及的物質(zhì)有所了解,但是他可能并不知道有機(jī)化學(xué)觸及我們?nèi)粘I钜堰_(dá)到什么樣的程度。
Ⅱ、譯成表示同等關(guān)系的并列分句
這樣的定語從句,起著對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)一步說明的作用,往往譯成并列分句。有時(shí)加譯“其、它、這”等詞。例句:
12) An acid is a compound whose solutions can produce hydrogen ions.
酸是這樣一種化合物,其溶液能產(chǎn)生氫離子。
13) The first higher homolog of benzene is toluene which is the raw material for the manufacture of the explosive.
苯的第一個(gè)高級(jí)同系物是甲苯,它是制造炸藥的原料。
14) The elements themselves were changing , which was something that had always been thought impossible by all but the old alchemists.
這些元素本身也在變化,這是 除了古代煉金術(shù)士以外,人們一直認(rèn)為不可能的事。
Ⅲ、譯成表示轉(zhuǎn)折的并列分句
當(dāng)定語從句在意思上與主句相對(duì)照或語氣轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí),可譯成轉(zhuǎn)折句。加譯“而、但、卻、可、是”等。
例句:
15) Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.
物質(zhì)是由分子組成的 ,而分子又是由原子組成的。
16) Mild oxidation of a primary alcohol gives an aldehyde which may be further oxidized to an organic acid.
伯醇的和緩氧化生成醛,而醛能進(jìn)一步氧化生成有機(jī)酸。
Ⅳ、譯成狀語從句
當(dāng)定語從句在意義上相當(dāng)于表示原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、讓步等的狀語從句時(shí),就可以譯成狀語從句??杉幼g“因?yàn)?、雖然、只要、因而”等詞。
17) The water should be free from dissolved salts which will cause deposits on the tubes and lead to overheating.
水中應(yīng)不含溶解鹽,因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)沉積在管壁上,導(dǎo)致過熱。(表原因)
18) For any substance whose formula is known, a mass corresponding to the formula can be computed.
不管什么物質(zhì),只要知道其分子式,就能求出與分子式相應(yīng)的質(zhì)量。 (表?xiàng)l件)
19) The considerable success of these studies has brought a theoretical unity to the whole field of organic chemistry which has the effect of making its principles easier to teach and to learn.
這些研究的重大成就給有機(jī)化學(xué)的整個(gè)領(lǐng)域帶來了理論上的統(tǒng)一,從而使有機(jī)化學(xué)原理的教和學(xué)變得較為容易。(表結(jié)果)
Ⅴ、由“as”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,相當(dāng)于表示說話人態(tài)度和看法的插入語,英譯漢時(shí),一般譯成狀語從句:“正如…那樣”。
20) As has been pointed out above , solids do not expand as much as gases and liquids.
正如上面所指出的,固體的膨脹沒有氣體和液體的那么大。
21) As we know, the molecules of gas move freely in all directions.
大家都知道,氣體分子向四面八方自由運(yùn)動(dòng)。
ⅤI 、同位語從句作后置定語
22) This explains the rule that like dissolves like.
這就解釋了相似相溶的規(guī)則。
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