漢語由于自身的特點,可以構(gòu)成許多歇后語與雙關(guān)語,這是英語所望塵莫及的。漢語的不少歇后語本身就包含雙關(guān)語,均屬于熟語。由于它們在英語中難于找到對應(yīng)成分,故而翻譯成英文就相當(dāng)困難。
盡管漢語歇后語和雙關(guān)語的英譯如此困難,盡管英、漢兩種語言千差萬別,但是天津翻譯公司可以用完全不同的語言來表達(dá)完全相同的內(nèi)容。我國譯界早有人對此進行了研究,提出了有關(guān)歇后語英譯的種種方法,歸納起來,主要有如下五條:
一、解釋法
雖說翻譯也是一種解釋,但畢競與我們所說的解釋不同:解釋比翻譯的含義廣,更自由,敘述較多,不那么講究對應(yīng)。譬如對“和尚打傘——無法無天”這ー歇后語與雙關(guān)語的翻譯只有通過解釋法才能完成:
"...It is a double pun. A monk has a shaven head, hence no hair. A monk under an umbrella is cut off from the sky, hence no heaven. But fa also means "law",and tian also means “heaven”in the sense of supreme ruling power. Thus a monk under an umbrella is a man without law or limit — a rebel like Monkey (who accompanied the monk Tripitaka on his legendary journey to India), unbound by established rules, institutions or conventions,whether earthly or divine. ”
二、借助上下文直譯法
這種譯法主要是將一種語言的雙關(guān)語譯成另ー種語言的雙關(guān)語,有作適當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)換和不作轉(zhuǎn)換兩種譯法,這兩種譯法都得借助上下 文,才能基本做到譯文和原文“形似”與“神似”的統(tǒng)一。例如,錢歌川英譯茅盾的小說《動搖》吋,遇到這樣一段話:
胡太太嘆了口氣,看見胡國光還是ー肚子心事似的踱方步。
“張鐵嘴怎么說的?”胡太太惴惴地問。
“很好,不用瞎擔(dān)心了。我還有委員的福分呢!”
“么事的桂圓!”
“是委員!從前興的是大人老爺,現(xiàn)在興委員了!你還不明白?”
這里出現(xiàn)了 “委員”與“桂圓”的諧音。錢歌川也感到棘手,苦思良久,オ巧妙地譯出下文:
Madame Hu gave a sigh and watched her husband anxiously pacing about as before.
“What did Chang Tieh-tsui say?” she asked timidly.
“He gave me very good news. We need not look for trouble, I have the possibility of being a member of a Commmee!"
"What's a common tea?" asked the wife, who only vaguely caught the sound.
“A committee! Lords and esquires are out of date, and the prevailing nomination is to a Committee. Don't you still understand?”
這里,錢先生把漢語中“委員”與“桂圓”的諧音變成了英語中Committee 與 Common tea 的諧音, 自然貼切,又無斧鑿之痕,達(dá)到了 “情與貌,略相似”。