秦始皇兵馬俑是當(dāng)?shù)卮迕?974年3月在田里打井時(shí)偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的。經(jīng)考古學(xué)家探測，認(rèn)定為秦代兵馬俑坑。后經(jīng)勘探和試掘，共發(fā)現(xiàn)三處兵馬俑坑，按發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)間把它們分別定名為兵馬俑一、二、三號坑。三個(gè)坑總面積為22，780平方米。
Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses were discovered accidentally in March 1974 when the local farmers were digging a well in the fields. Archeologists believe that the terra-cotta warriors and horses were from the Qin Dynasty. After many explorations and test excavation, three pits have been discovered, covering an area of 22,780 square meters.
這一發(fā)現(xiàn)震驚中外。為了保護(hù)這些罕見的歷史文物，1975年國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)在一號坑原址上建一座占地16，300平方米的博物館。1979年國慶節(jié)博物館正式對外開放。此后，兵馬俑3號坑、2號坑國十大名勝之一，被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。
This discovery created a world sensation. In order to protect these rare historical relics, in 1975, the State Council granted permission to construct a 16,300-square-meter museum over the site of Pit No 1. The museum was officially open to the public on the nation’s National Day, October 1, 1979. Later, exhibition halls housing Pit No. 3, No. 2 and the Bronze Chariots and Horses were built and open to the public in succession. The Museum and the Mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang have been listed as one of the country’s ten great historical sites and designated by the UNESCO as a World Culture Heritage Site.
一號坑呈長方形，東西長230米，南北寬62米，深5米，面積16，620平方米。一號坑內(nèi)的兵馬俑完全按當(dāng)時(shí)的實(shí)戰(zhàn)軍陣排列?？拥赖臇|端長廊里站立著三排武士俑，每排70，共210件。這些武士身著戰(zhàn)袍，腳打綁腿，手持弓弩，面向東方，是整個(gè)軍陣的前鋒部隊(duì)。其后是十道土夯的隔墻隔成的11個(gè)過道，里面排列著步兵與車兵相間的38路縱隊(duì)。兵俑全部身穿鎧甲，手持長兵器。他們是整個(gè)軍陣的主力部隊(duì)。另外，在主力部隊(duì)的南北和西頭，分別有一排武士俑，他們都面朝外，分別是主力部隊(duì)的左右翼和后衛(wèi)部隊(duì)。在試掘的960平方米范圍內(nèi)，出土武士俑500多個(gè)，戰(zhàn)車4輛，挽馬24匹。據(jù)測量，一號坑共有兵馬俑6000多件。
Pit No.1 is rectangular in shape. It is 230 meters from east to west, 62 meters from north to south, 5 meters deep, and covers an area of 16,620 square meters. Warriors in this pit are arranged in a practical battle array. In the long corridor at the east end of the pit stand three rows of terra-cotta warriors, 70 in each, 210 in all. Armed with bows and arrows, the soldiers are wearing battle tunics and puttees, and facing east. They are regarded as the vanguard of the battle formation. These are followed by 38 columns of troops, consisting of infantrymen and charioteers that are arranged in 11 corridors separated by 10 earth-rammed walls. The warriors all wear armors and carry long-shaft weapons. They make up the main body of the battle formation. Furthermore, at the north, south, and west end, there is one row of terra-cotta warriors respectively, all facing outward. They are the flanks and rear guards of the entire battle formation. From the 960 square meters testing trenches, some 500 warriors, 4 chariots, and 24 drafting horses have been unearthed. According to the density, 6,000 pieces in all can be excavated from Pit No.1.
二號坑呈曲尺形，面積6000平方米，是一個(gè)由四個(gè)獨(dú)立的單元、四個(gè)不同的兵種編制而成的混合軍陣。第一單元是由334個(gè)弩兵組成的小方陣。第二單元是由64乘戰(zhàn)車組成的方陣。每乘戰(zhàn)車有三個(gè)軍士。第三單元是由19乘戰(zhàn)車和100個(gè)兵俑組成的方陣。第四單元是由6乘戰(zhàn)車、124個(gè)騎兵和鞍馬組成的方陣。四個(gè)單元既是一個(gè)互相緊密相連的大軍陣，又是四個(gè)獨(dú)立的、靈活機(jī)動(dòng)的、能攻能守的小軍陣。據(jù)估計(jì)，二號坑可出土兵馬俑1，500多件。
Pit No.2 is “L”- shaped, covering an area of 6,000 square meters. It is actually a mixed battle formation consisting of military forces in four separate arrays. The first array is composed of 334 archers， the second of 64 chariots with three warriors on each. The third array includes 19 chariots and 100 warriors. The fourth array consists of 6 chariots, 124 cavalrymen and saddled horses. Together, the four arrays constitute a large battle formation, closely connected with one another. At the same time, each of the four arrays is an independent division, flexible and capable of both attacking and defending. It is estimated that altogether 1,500 pieces are expected to be excavated from Pit No.2.
三號呈凹字形，面積520平方米，僅有4馬1車和68尊陶俑。三號坑內(nèi)的兵俑是環(huán)繞周壁面對面夾道排列。他們手持一種專門用于儀仗的無刃長兵器。同時(shí)，坑內(nèi)還發(fā)現(xiàn)有用于戰(zhàn)前占卜和祈禱的動(dòng)物骨頭和鹿角殘跡。因此，考古學(xué)家認(rèn)為3號坑可能是整個(gè)軍陣的指揮部。
三個(gè)坑呈 “品” 字形排列, 形成一個(gè)龐大的軍事場面：8,000 兵馬，浩浩蕩蕩，待命征戰(zhàn)，顯示出一幅氣勢磅礴，雄偉壯觀的動(dòng)人場面。這是秦始皇為自己所造的一支守陵的衛(wèi)戍部隊(duì)。
Pit No.3 is “U”-shaped, taking up 520 square meters with only 4 terra-cotta horses, one chariot and 68 armored warriors discovered. Warriors here stand in two rows, opposite to each other along the wall. They carry a kind of long weapon, which has no blades and are believed to be used by the guards of honor. Remains of animal bones and deer horns probably used for sacrificial offerings and war praying are found in this pit. So archeologists believe it is the headquarters of the underground army.
The three pits are arranged in a triangle and form an enormous battle array, consisting of 8,000 warriors and horses. Vast and powerful, they give us a grand view of a mighty army in full battle array. They are the garrison army molded to guard Emperor Qin Shihuang tomb.
三個(gè)坑內(nèi)的陶俑都仿真人塑造，全身彩繪。兵俑的隊(duì)列布局按將軍、武官、武士等不同級別和步兵、車兵、騎兵等不同兵種有序排列，他們?nèi)菝哺鳟?，個(gè)個(gè)神態(tài)逼真、栩栩如生，顯示了中國古代雕塑藝術(shù)的高超技藝和民族風(fēng)格。
All the pottery figures were modeled life-size and were originally all color-painted. The warriors in the formation are arranged in accordance with their ranks-----generals, officers and soldiers, and their functions-----foot soldiers, charioteers and cavalrymen. The warriors vary from one another in feature and facial expressions, looking lifelike and vivid. They reveal the high artistic skill and national style of the group sculpture of ancient China.
除了數(shù)以千計(jì)的兵馬俑外，三個(gè)坑內(nèi)出土了數(shù)以萬計(jì)的各種青銅武器，主要有刀、劍、矛、戈、 戟、弓、箭、弩、簇。特別引人注目的一把青銅劍，雖在地下埋藏了2000多年，仍不生銹。至今光亮如新，鋒利無比，一次能劃透20張紙。經(jīng)檢測，這把劍為銅、錫合金，并含有十多種稀有金屬，表面經(jīng)過鉻的處理，能防銹防腐。這表明2000多年前中國的鑄造工藝和冶金技術(shù)已達(dá)到驚人的高度。
Together with the warriors and horses are thousands of bronze weapons, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, crossbows, arrows and arrowheads. The most eye-catching among the weapons is a bronze sword. Though buried under ground for over two thousand years, the sword is rustproof, still bright and sharp, and it can cut through 20 sheets of paper piled together. Technical examination reveals that the sword has been cast of an alloy of copper and tin. It also contains more than ten other rare metals. The surface was coated with chromium that has prevented corrosion and rust. This shows that 2,000 years ago China’s technique of casting and metallurgy reached an amazingly high level.
1980年12月，考古工作者在秦始皇陵西側(cè)20米處發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩組大型彩繪銅車馬，更是給博物館增加了新的光彩。根據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)順序，把這兩組銅車馬分別命名為一號和二號車。兩組銅車均為單轅車，各配四匹馬。一號車為“高車”，御手和乘坐的人均站立車上。 二號車叫“安車”，分前后兩乘室，中間相隔。御手坐前乘室，主人坐后乘室。后乘室前面及左右兩側(cè)各有一車窗，后面留門，可能是供秦始皇靈魂出游時(shí)乘坐的。銅車馬為真人、真馬二分之一大小，由3,400多個(gè)零部件組成，并有1,720件金銀飾品，顯得華麗富貴。據(jù)初步研究，銅車馬的制造采用了鑄、焊、鉚、鑲、刻等多種工藝。
In December 1980, archeologists discovered two teams of color-painted bronze chariots 20 meters to the west of Qin Shihuang’s mausoleum. This has added more splendors to the museum. They are listed as No.1 and No. 2 chariot respectively according to the order of their discovery. Both chariots are single-shaft and drafted by four horses. No.1 chariot was named High Chariot. The charioteers and the passengers all stood in it. No.2 was named Security Chariot, which has two cabins; the front compartment is for the charioteer and the rear one is for the emperor. The rear compartment has a window on both sides as well as in the front and a door at the back. It is said that the chariots are used to hold the emperor’s soul for inspection. The chariots and horses are half life-size, consisting of more than 3,400 component parts and 1,720 pieces of gold and silver decorations and ornaments. They are luxurious and graceful. Test studies have revealed that the making of the bronze chariots and horses involve such techniques as casting, welding, riveting, embedding, and chiseling.
銅車馬的制作工藝高超，造型藝術(shù)逼真，是我國歷史上最早、制作最精美的青銅珍品，也是世界考古發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大青銅器，證明秦代的工藝已經(jīng)達(dá)到很高的水平。
The bronze chariots and horses were manufactured with high technology and modeled vividly. They are the earliest and most exquisite bronze treasures made in Chinese history and the largest bronze ware ever discovered in the history of world archaeology. They prove that the technique of chariot manufacture during the Qin period was undoubtedly advanced.
天津翻譯公司